648 pp. Ithaca, NY. Petit. Wetlands 13:137-144. For information and downloadable plans for building your own nesting box, visit this link on Nestwatch. 1992. Field Ornithol. Speirs, J.M. Lefebvre, G., Poulin, B., and R. McNeil. J. Listen to song. 143-171 In: Hagan, J.M. Will. Nest boxes should be located within 16 feet of or directly over standing or slow-moving water. Species: The Prothonotary (pronounced proh-THON-uh-ter-ee) Warbler or Golden Swamp Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) or PROW is the only cavity nesting warbler in the eastern U.S. and southwestern Canada. Song: High, clear, metallic with emphatic rising notes twseet twseet twseet twseet twseet (males only during breeding season). Nest-box selection by Prothonotary Warblers. Berlinghoff. Version 6.2.2006. 1996. is completed within 6-10 days (BNA says 3.3-8.8 days) (starting third week in April - mid-May). Colin Hocking has a Bachelor of Science in Photographic Science with Honours from the University of Westminster in London, England, so he likes to think of himself as a “SciArtist”, being able to blend the art and science of photography to create impactful images. Data such as presence of and type of nesting material, number of eggs/young, and presence of adult Prothonotary Warbler in/on/near box are collected. Hodges, M.F. McCracken, J.D. The Prothonotary Warbler, also known as “The Candle of the Swamp” due to its bright color, is the only eastern warbler to nest in tree cavities. Lynch, R.L. Life-history of the Prothonotary Warbler. Boldly and liberally spotted/blotched with dull reddish brown and pale purplish gray spots and splotches over the entire egg. 1992. 1998. Brittingham. Ont. (R. Brewer, G.A. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:680-687. 84 pp. 1987. Behav. Several days (2-3) delay after nest construction before eggs are laid. A preliminary investigation of Prothonotary Warblers on their wintering grounds on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. Preference on orientation of nest hole not clear - may prefer east or west facing. Eagles and F.M. Devin-Adair Co., New York City. 17 pp. Young, and J.R. Zook. U.S. Dept. Lay 3-8 (rarely 9 - may include eggs of other females? pp. Publ. Lavender, H. Auld, D. Broadhurst, and T. Bullock. Panjabi, D.N. 1989. Lefebvre, G. and B. Poulin. University of Guelph, Ontario. 1991. Destruction Where Have all the Birds Gone? Blem. Mus. Information about birds and their nesting habits! ), commonly 4-6, often 7, one egg per day early in morning (4:30-7 a.m.) Clutch sizes are larger in northern part of range. Typically two, if first clutch is laid prior to June 15. Barrientos. Nearly completely feathered except tail feathers are still half-sheathed. Resour. and G.E. Ottawa. Blem, C.R. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea). • Make corner opening on the floor bottom of the box to allow drainage and facilitate ventilation 1941. The 2004 Prothonotary Warbler recovery program in Canada: population surveys, nest box monitoring, and colour banding. 2004. NatureServe. and R.W. Status report on the Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) in Canada. Call is a loud, sharp tschip; or quieter, thin tsip. Photo by Don Wills of the Canadian Prothonotary Recovery Program. 23 pp. Interdepartmental Recovery Fund project. Eggs: Oval, smooth, somewhat glossy shell, with a creamy or slightly yellow tinge. This box design may also be used by Carolina Chickadees, White-breasted Nuthatches, and House Wrens. 1994. 1996. Christopher Helm, London. Agriculture Forest Service General Tech. The breeding birds of Point Pelee National Park, with an emphasis on species at risk. J. Field Ornithol. Waterloo Press, Waterloo. Petit. Find a nest? • Include one hinged, side panel that opens for easy monitoring and cleaning. 1998. McCracken, J.D. Conner, and K.E. 2005. Field Ornithol. The bill color changes: it is blackish during breeding season (March - July) and paler flesh color from August-February. Geographic uniformity in songs of the Prothonotary Warbler. Dick Tuttle uses a nestbox made of 4" PVC drain pipe, with a long overhanging roof (connected with a bolt and small screw to a PVC cap on top of the tube) made of 11.75" piece of plastic fence rail (5.5x1.5") that has three open chambers to insulate the nest from sun. 117 pp. Avoids forests less than 100 hectares in area , and waterways with wooded borders less than 30 hectares wide (Kahl et al 1985). 2005. Preferred box design for Prothonotary Warblers is slightly smaller than the NABS Eastern Bluebird box with a 1 ¼ inch entrance hole. Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship. Page, A.M. 1996. May 27, 2020. Status of the Prothonotary Warbler’s critical wintering habitat in Latin America: a focus on mangrove ecosystems. Prothonotary Warblers are usually very tolerant of human activity in their territory. Bundick. Photo in header by Wendell Long. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life. Monitoring: A number of people say nesting PROWs are very tolerant of humans, and do not abandon their nest even when captured repeatedly at nest for research. Day 2: young readily lift head to gape if nestbox is tapped. Publ. Rice. After hatching and especially close to fledgling, may perform broken-wing display on ground. in bluebird conservation. McCracken, J.D. 1987. Monitoring twice weekly is tolerated. For enquiries, contact us. Also see photos of PROW nests, eggs and young. Wilson Bulletin 108:496-506. 2005. First though came an introduction to nesting boxes and the whys and wherefores of where to place them for these bright yellow swamp dwellers. Forested wetlands of the Southeast: review of major characteristics and role in maintaining water quality. Young may fledge at 9 days if disturbed. Moller, A.P. 1999b. 145-197 In Martin, T.E. 72:757-764. J. McCracken, J.D. • Never include an under-the-hole perch. © Original photographs They may switch nest sites for subsequent broods. Short, dark gray legs on adults. Artificial cavities enhance breeding bird densities in managed cottonwood forests. a citation for the author. If placing the box in the water, the box … Private landowners and land managers can help support Prothonotary Warblers by leaving standing snags where it is safe to do so and by installing nest boxes in forested swamps and riparian areas. Walkinshaw, L.H. 163. (Griscom, L. and A. Sprunt, Jr., eds.). 2006. The conservation implications of site fidelity: a case study involving nearctic-neotropical migrant songbirds wintering in a Costa Rican mangrove. Woodcock, J., M. Woodcock, and J.D. Wood. Vol. Breeding birds of Ontario: nidiology and distribution. Nest Description: Nest ID: Mainly mosses and liverwort, plus lichen, rootlets, small twigs and dry leaves, and strips of bark (e.g., grape and cypress), plant down. Nest boxes should be installed by April 1st. Two box designs are readily accepted by Prothonotary Warblers. Journal of Avian Biology 33:77-82. MAY cover eggs when leaving box to protect from predators. Boxes should be placed near or over slow moving rivers, lakes, sloughs, swamps, or any similar habitat. 1992. Prothonotary Warblers readily accept artificial cavities (nest boxes) when built to the above specifications and placed in the proper location. Biological Conservation 127:37-45.

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