To hear some simple examples in both major and minor keys, see Major Keys and Scales. We tend to say that major scales have a ‘happier’ and ‘cheerier’ sound, whereas minor scales have The student who is interested in modal jazz will eventually become acquainted with all of the modal scales. What makes a scale major or minor depends on which notes these half steps affect. For each note below, write a natural minor scale, one octave, ascending (going up) beginning on that note. (Please see Beginning Harmonic Analysis for more about this.) Listen to the differences between the natural minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor scales. Figure 4.28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 W H W W H W … Is there an easier way? The C minor scale consists of:   C -whole- D -half- Eb -whole- F -whole- G -half- Ab -whole- Bb -whole- C, Understand the Pattern of Black Piano Keys. Figure 4.24. The C major and C minor scales start on the same note, but have different key signatures. Major and minor scales are traditionally the basis for Western Music, but jazz theory also recognizes other scales, based on the medieval church modes, which are very useful for improvisation. They have different tonal centers, and each will feature melodies, harmonies, and chord progressions built around their (different) tonal centers. (Return to Exercise), Solution to Exercise 4.4.3. Notice how the two half steps are always separated by either two or three whole steps; this system of intervals is the diatonic pattern. The pattern for the minor scale starts a half step plus a whole step lower than the major scale pattern, so a relative minor is always three half steps lower than its relative major. All of the scales above are natural minor scales. Rewrite each scale from Figure 4.23 as an ascending harmonic minor scale. Comparing Types of Minor Scales. Each minor key shares a key signature with a major key. For instance, the A natural minor scale can be built by starting on the 6th degree of the C major scale: Even though they have the same key signature, a minor key and its relative major sound very different. ●  In the C minor scale, E flat is three half steps above C, so the minor third is Eb. So music that is in, for example, C major, will not sound significantly different from music that is in, say, D major. Minor scales sound different from major scales because they are based on a different pattern of intervals. They contain only the notes in the minor key signature. There are two other kinds of minor scales that are commonly used, both of which include notes that are not in the key signature. One of the most useful of these is the scale based on the dorian mode, which is often called the dorian minor, since it has a basically minor sound. Natural Minor The Natural Minor scale has the following pattern of half-steps (H) and whole-steps (W): (Return to Exercise), Solution to Exercise 4.4.4. What Are Major and Minor 7ths and How Are They Formed? 1996 - 2020, Suggestions for Presenting these Concepts to Children, Suggestions for Listening and Further Study, 3.2 Standing Waves and Musical Instruments, 3.3 Harmonic Series I: Timbre and Octaves, 4.1 Octaves and the Major-Minor Tonal System, 4.6 Harmonic Series II: Harmonics, Intervals, and Instruments, A comparison of Equal Temperament with the Harmonic Series. A minor key is called the relative minor of the major key that has the same key signature. It's easy to use, motivating and very efficient! Join the discussion at Opening Measures. Dorian is included here only to explain the common jazz reference to the "dorian minor" and to give notice to students that the jazz approach to scales can be quite different from the traditional classical approach. In the C minor scale, E flat is three half steps above C, so the minor third is Eb. In the C major scale, E is four half steps above C, so the major third is E. Minor Third: 1.5 steps (three half steps) above the tonic. (See Beginning Harmonic Analysis for more about how chords are classified within a key.) A natural minor scale (or Aeolian mode) is a diatonic scale that is built by starting on the sixth degree of its relative major scale. Music that is in a minor key is sometimes described as sounding more solemn, sad, mysterious, or ominous than music that is in a major key. Figure 4.22. You may find it helpful to notice that the "relative major" of the Dorian begins one whole step lower. These useful accidentals are featured in the melodic minor and harmonic minor scales. Natural Minor scale-- a scale that contains half-steps between 2-3 and 5-6 scale degrees (the natural form). In other words, they are the same pattern starting in a different place. Here is a Natural Minor scale starting on F: Here is a Harmonic Minor scale starting on F: The Melodic Minor scale is different because when we go up the scale we use one pattern and when we go down the scale we use another. The diatonic pattern is as follows: whole - whole - half - whole - whole - whole - half    C major scale:    C -whole- D -whole- E -half- F -whole- G -whole- A -whole- B -half- C, whole - half - whole - whole - half - whole - whole    A minor scale:    A -whole- B -half- C -whole- D -whole- E -half- F -whole- G -whole- A. The Minor Scale can be thought of as whole step - half step - whole step - whole step - half step - whole step - whole step. Major and minor scales are built similarly. In each major scale, however, the notes are arranged in the same major scale pattern and build the same types of chords that have the same relationships with each other. Major is perceived as more happy and positive.

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