Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:1350-6. J Clin Endorcinol Metab 2015;100:2339-46. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:176-83. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002;9:87-98. Several trials have investigated whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent the transition from prediabetes to diabetes in patients with adequate 25(OH)D levels, and all have had negative results. For these reasons, vitamin D has been linked to heart health and risk of CVD. In this procedure, part of the upper small intestine, where vitamin D is absorbed, is bypassed, and vitamin D that is mobilized into the bloodstream from fat stores might not raise 25(OH)D to adequate levels over time [67,68]. Depression For example, almost all of the U.S. milk supply is voluntarily fortified with about 3 mcg/cup (120 IU), usually in the form of vitamin D3 [23]. [, Taylor CL, Roseland JM, Coates PM, Pehrsson PR. Proportions at risk of deficiency were lowest among children aged 1–5 years (0.5%), peaked at 7.6% in adults aged 20–39 years, and fell to 2.9% among adults aged 60 years and older; patterns were similar for risks of inadequacy. [, Vaes AMM, Tieland M, Toussaint N, Nilwik R, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, de Groot CPGM. Metabolism 2016;65:586-97. Nutr Clin Pract 2013;28:194-208. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. People who are obese or have undergone gastric bypass surgery Intraday data delayed at least 15 minutes or per exchange requirements. [, Drincic A, Fuller E, Heaney RP, Armas LAG. [, Simon AE, Ahrens KA. [, McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ, Fedirko V, Wang M, Cook NR, et al. Clinical management of low vitamin D: A scoping review of physicians' practices. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Total vitamin D intakes were three times higher with supplement use than with diet alone; the mean intake from foods and beverages alone for individuals aged 2 and older was 4.8 mcg (192 IU) but increased to 19.9 mcg (796 IU) when dietary supplements were included. Conclusions about vitamin D and cancer N Engl J Med 2006;354:684-96. The vitamin D reduced insulin resistance to a small but significant degree, especially in people taking more than 50 mcg (2,000 IU)/day who were vitamin D deficient at baseline, had good glycemic control, were not obese, and were of Middle Eastern ethnicity. [, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Vieth R, Azad A, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, et al. JAMA 2018;319:1600-12. [, Rajakumar K. Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: A historical perspective. Pediatrics 2020;145:e20193574. In contrast to the observational studies, clinical trials have provided little support for the hypothesis that supplemental vitamin D reduces the risk of CVD or CVD mortality. Observational studies have linked lower serum 25(OH)D levels to an increased risk of diabetes, but their results might have been confounded by the fact that many participants were overweight or obese and were therefore more predisposed to developing diabetes and having lower 25(OH)D levels [1]. These medications can reduce calcium absorption and impair vitamin D metabolism [171-173]. Vitamin D 20 000 IU per week for five years does not prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes. [, Dibaba DT. Colorectal cancer However, because the extent and frequency of sunscreen use are unknown, the role that sunscreen may play in reducing vitamin D synthesis is unclear [1]. In the 54 participants who completed the study, vitamin D supplementation did not improve insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion in comparison with placebo. [, Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL. Elsevier, 2018. The Power Delivery segment regulates electric distribution and transmission. Pages 41-78 in Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M, eds. [. Rates of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer did not differ significantly between the vitamin D and placebo groups. 290-2007-10055-I. In fact, Black Americans might have a greater risk than White Americans of falls and fractures with daily vitamin D intakes of 50 mcg (2,000 IU) or more [14]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:89-100. [, Jorde R, Grimnes G. Vitamin D: No cure for depression. Four percent had levels higher than 125 nmol/L (50 ng/mL). Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more have lower serum 25(OH)D levels than nonobese individuals. Older women and men should consult their healthcare providers about their needs for both nutrients as part of an overall plan to maintain bone health and to prevent or treat osteoporosis. MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. Although 25(OH)D functions as a biomarker of exposure, the extent to which 25(OH)D levels also serve as a biomarker of effect on the body (i.e., relating to health status or outcomes) is not clear [1,3]. [, McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Booth SL, Uwaifo GI, Yanovski JA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1132-41. Ann Intern Med 2017;166:155-6. Obtaining sufficient vitamin D from natural (nonfortified) food sources alone is difficult. Vitamin D: moving forward to address emerging science. Norman AW, Henry HH. This is why I’m cheering for the Novavax underdog, Sweden’s population is losing confidence in the country’s strategy to combat COVID-19. [, Brondum-Jacobsen P, Benn M, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;202:100-7. Environ Health Perspect 2017;125(7):077004. Cancer doi: 10.3390/nu10040493. 2019. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D 3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol).. The VITAL trial found no association between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps [103]. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy eating pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. [, Mousa A, Naderpoor N, de Courten MPJ, Teede H, Kellow N, Walker K, et al. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015;55:1193-205. Clinical trials, however, do not support these findings. Excess amounts of vitamin D are toxic. A variety of foods and their vitamin D levels per serving are listed in Table 3. [, Moyer VA. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012;36:387-96. Intake recommendations for vitamin D and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by expert committees of NASEM [1]. [, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:558-64. Is hypovitaminosis D related to incidence of type 2 diabetes and high fasting glucose level in healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Drug-vitamin D interactions: A systematic review of the literature. Br J Nutr 2013;109:1082-8. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1618-23. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:814-22. N Engl J Med 2019;381:520-30. For many people, consuming vitamin D-fortified foods and exposing themselves to some sunlight are essential for maintaining a healthy vitamin D status. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: Controversy unresolved. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. However, other, shorter (from 24 weeks to 5 years) clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation alone or with calcium in adults found greater risks of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, but not of kidney stones [162,163]. [, Chalcraft JR, Cardinal LM, Wechsler PJ, Hollis BW, Gerow KG, Alexander BM, et al. Preventive Medicine 2013;57:753-64. [. Neurology 2017;89:1538-9. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911-30. Hypercalcemia, in turn, can lead to nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric disturbances, pain, loss of appetite, dehydration, polyuria, excessive thirst, and kidney stones. [, Pappa HM, Bern E, Kamin D, Grand RJ. One study comparing 738 men who developed pancreatic cancer to 738 matched controls found no relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of pancreatic cancer [105]. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. Breast cancer Nutrients 2019;11,2295; doi:10.3390/nu11102295. [, Mheid IA, Quyyumi AA. The study reports included 3–10 years of followup data. Vitamin D for health: A global perspective.

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